Blog by yesitalyeducation | Digital Diary
" To Present local Business identity in front of global market"
" To Present local Business identity in front of global market"
If you're passionate about fashion and dream of studying in one of the world's style capitals, Italy is the perfect destination. From Milan to Florence, Italy offers top-class education in fashion design. In this article, you'll discover the best Bachelor of Fashion Design programs in the country, key features, and how to apply.
Italy is the global hub for fashion, home to brands like Gucci, Prada, and Versace.
Courses are taught by industry professionals with strong links to fashion houses.
You get hands-on experience, internships, and exposure to global fashion events.
Programs are often available in English, making it easier for international students.
Here are some of the top fashion universities in Italy offering Bachelor's in Fashion Design:
1. Istituto Marangoni – Milan
One of the most prestigious fashion schools globally.
Offers Fashion Design Course in Italy with specializations like womenswear, accessories, and more.
Strong ties with fashion brands for internships.
2. Polimoda – Florence
Ranked among the best fashion colleges in Italy.
Bachelor's in Fashion Design focuses on creativity, craftsmanship, and innovation.
Offers a modern campus and industry-led curriculum.
3. Domus Academy – Milan
Offers intensive bachelor's pathway programs in fashion.
Known for design excellence and creative thinking.
Great networking opportunities with global designers.
4. NABA (Nuova Accademia di Belle Arti) – Milan
Offers a comprehensive Bachelor of Arts in Fashion Design.
Focus on design, trend research, and practical studio work.
Recognized internationally for its creative courses.
5. IED – Istituto Europeo di Design
Located in cities like Milan, Rome, and Florence.
Offers Bachelor's programs with a strong blend of theory and real-world application.
Known for its practical teaching style and strong industry links.
High school diploma or equivalent.
English language proficiency (IELTS or TOEFL may be required).
Some colleges may ask for a portfolio of creative work.
Entrance exams or interviews may apply depending on the university.
Most Bachelor's programs last 3 years.
Many top schools offer English-taught programs, making it suitable for international students.
Fashion Designer
Textile Designer
Creative Director
Fashion Stylist
Pattern Maker
Fashion Consultant
These programs open doors to careers in top brands and fashion houses.
Italy is not just a beautiful country – it's a fashion powerhouse. Whether you want to become a designer or a stylist, choosing from the top fashion universities in Italy can shape your future in the industry. With globally recognized programs, experienced faculty, and endless inspiration, Fashion Design Course in Italy is a step toward your dream.
Read Full Blog...Are you dreaming of a world-class education, cultural richness, and a European lifestyle? If yes, studying in Italy for Indian students is one of the best choices today. Italy is not only home to some of the oldest universities in the world but also offers affordable education, scholarships, and English-taught courses. In this guide, we will help you understand how Indian students can study in Italy step-by-step.
Italy offers quality education at low cost compared to the US, UK, and Australia.
Many universities provide courses taught in English, especially at the Master's level.
Indian students enjoy a welcoming environment and a multicultural society.
You can apply for scholarships, part-time jobs, and get post-study stay options.
Italy is part of the Schengen zone, allowing students to explore 26 countries.
So, if you're planning to study in Italy for Indian students, you're choosing quality, affordability, and lifestyle.
Italy offers a wide range of programs in English, making it a preferred destination for international students. Some popular options for Indian students include:
MBBS / Medicine
Architecture and Design
Fashion and Arts
Engineering and Technology
Computer Science
Business and Management
Whether you're interested in medical colleges in Italy or technical programs, there's something for everyone.
Choose a Course and University
Start by exploring Italian universities like:
University of Bologna
Politecnico di Milano
Sapienza University of Rome
University of Florence
University of Padua
Make sure the course is available in English and suits your academic background.
Check the Eligibility
For undergraduate courses: 10+2 qualification.
For Master's: Bachelor's degree from a recognized Indian university.
For Medicine (MBBS): NEET qualification is mandatory.
Most courses require IELTS/TOEFL or MOI (Medium of Instruction) proof.
Apply Through Universitaly Portal
Italy has a centralized portal called https://yesitaly.in/ where you can apply to public universities. Gather your documents including:
Academic transcripts
Passport
SOP (Statement of Purpose)
Language proficiency proof
Letters of recommendation
Apply for Scholarships
Italy provides generous scholarship options like:
DSU Regional Scholarships (based on family income)
Italian Government Scholarships
University-specific scholarships
These can cover tuition fees, housing, and meals.
After admission, apply for a Type D student visa through the Italian embassy or VFS Global. You'll need:
Admission letter from the university
Proof of funds (minimum ₹8–10 lakhs)
Health insurance
Accommodation details
Valid passport
Make sure you understand the minimum bank balance for Italy study visa for Indian students, as this is a critical requirement.
Tuition fees in public universities: €500 to €3,000/year
Living cost: Around €700–€1000/month (depends on city)
You can work part-time (20 hours/week) during your studies
The cost of living in Italy for Indian students is affordable when compared to other European countries.
University dormitories (limited seats)
Private apartments or shared flats
Student housing platforms like Uniplaces, HousingAnywhere, etc.
Book early and look for options close to your university for convenience.
Studying in Italy for international students is exciting and enriching. You'll meet students from all over the world, explore Italian culture, taste local cuisine, and travel across Europe on a budget.
Learn basic Italian to make life easier – especially while shopping, traveling, or working part-time.
After your studies, you can apply for a 12-month stay permit to find a job or internship. This gives you enough time to look for career opportunities or continue with further education in Europe.
Start preparing early – at least 8–10 months before the intake.
Keep all documents ready, especially academic records and bank statements.
Always apply for scholarships – they make a huge financial difference.
Choose trusted consultants to guide you through the process.
Study in Italy for Indian students is now more accessible than ever. With excellent universities, affordable education, and rich cultural exposure, Italy is a smart and rewarding choice. Whether you are aiming for architecture, fashion, medicine, or business – Italy has world-class programs to offer. Take the first step, apply early, and begin your international education journey in one of Europe's most beautiful countries.
If you're still unsure about where to begin, consider talking to experts or Italy study abroad consultants who can guide you every step of the way.
Read Full Blog...Planning to study in Italy? Whether it's for a Bachelor's, Master's, or PhD program, choosing the right Italy study visa consultants can make the entire process easier and stress-free. This article is crafted to help students understand how expert guidance can improve their admission and visa process, especially for Indian students aiming to study in top Italian universities.
Italy is home to some of the oldest and most prestigious universities in the world. Known for its high-quality education system, English-taught programs, and affordable tuition fees, Italy is a popular destination for international students.
Low tuition fees at public universities
Affordable cost of living
English-taught programs in various fields
Strong focus on research and innovation
Opportunities for scholarships like DSU and Italian Government Scholarship
Applying to study abroad involves many steps - from choosing the right university and course to preparing documents, filling out applications, and securing a student visa. This is where experienced Italy study visa consultants can help.
University and course selection
Application documentation
SOP and CV preparation
Visa documentation and appointment booking
Scholarship application guidance
Pre-departure support and travel planning
Italy study abroad consultants play a key role beyond just filing your application. They offer one-on-one counseling to understand your interests, background, and goals.
Matching students with suitable public universities
Clarifying timelines and application processes
Providing up-to-date visa rules
Explaining DSU, IMAT, and scholarship opportunities
Helping with accommodation and travel plans
For Indian students, applying to European universities can feel overwhelming. From understanding embassy document formats to knowing how scholarships work, there's a lot to manage. That's why working with Italy student visa consultants can save time, reduce mistakes, and improve your chances of success.
Misunderstanding document requirements
Choosing the wrong intake or course
Delayed visa appointments
Poorly written SOP or CV
Not applying for DSU scholarship in time
Not all consultants are the same. It's important to work with experienced and specialized consultants who understand Italian university systems and visa requirements.
Verified experience in Italy admissions
Success rate of past student placements
Transparent service charges
Support for both pre and post-admission
Testimonials or student success stories
Yes Italy is a leading name when it comes to study visa services for Italy. With years of experience, they've helped hundreds of Indian students secure admission and scholarships in Italy.
Admission in top public universities
Full visa documentation support
DSU and government scholarship guidance
IMAT exam assistance (for MBBS applicants)
Free consultation and regular updates
Personalized support for each student
If you're serious about studying in Italy, don't try to manage everything alone. Trust professional Italy study visa consultants like Yes Italy to guide you every step of the way - from selecting the right course to securing your student visa.
Getting expert support ensures your application is accurate, complete, and timely - increasing your chances of getting into your dream university in Italy.
Read Full Blog...Studying medicine abroad is no longer just a dream-it's a smart and affordable choice for Indian students. One of the most popular and growing destinations for medical education is Italy. Known for its high-quality public universities, affordable tuition, and strong global recognition, mbbs in italy is becoming a preferred option over countries like Russia, Ukraine, the Philippines, and even some private institutions in India.
This article explores how Italy compares to other countries and why it stands out as a top destination for MBBS aspirants.
Every year, thousands of Indian students face extreme competition in NEET exams, making it difficult to secure a seat in government colleges. On the other hand, private medical colleges in India often charge high fees, making them unaffordable for many families. As a result, many students look at international options.
Let's now compare Italy with other countries offering MBBS programs on various important factors:
One of the biggest reasons students choose Italy is the affordable education system. Tuition fees in Italian public universities are remarkably low.
Annual tuition ranges between €500 to €4,000, depending on the university and financial background of the student.
Scholarships like the DSU can cover tuition, accommodation, and meals, reducing overall expenses.
Tuition fees range between ₹3 to ₹7 lakhs per year.
Hidden or additional fees for clinical rotations, language training, and resources.
In countries like Ukraine (before the conflict), students also faced safety concerns.
Annual tuition can go up to ₹10 to ₹25 lakhs, excluding hostel and other expenses.
Many families need to take loans or make significant sacrifices to afford private college fees.
? Compared to others, mbbs fees in italy for indian students are highly economical while offering the quality of European education.
MBBS courses are taught in English.
No need to learn Italian for academic studies, although it helps during clinical exposure.
IMAT (International Medical Admission Test) is conducted in English.
Russia, China, and Ukraine often require students to study the local language after the first year.
This adds pressure and can affect clinical training if the language isn't mastered.
✔ Italy eliminates the language barrier from academics, giving students confidence during exams and internships.
Degrees from Italian public universities are recognized across the European Union, as well as by WHO, NMC (India), and other global medical boards.
Easier access to PG courses and job opportunities across Europe.
Some degrees require additional validations or licensing exams.
In a few cases, returning students face difficulties with NMC screening.
✔ MBBS in Italy ensures smooth transition for further education or work abroad.
Italian universities provide generous need-based scholarships.
The DSU (Diritto allo Studio Universitario) scholarship helps cover tuition, accommodation, meals, and even basic living expenses.
Students from lower-income families are more likely to get full financial support.
This financial support makes Italy one of the most affordable European destinations for medical education.
Italy is among the safest countries in Europe for international students.
Cities like Milan, Bologna, and Pisa are known for student-friendly environments, excellent transport, and healthcare.
Students enjoy cultural experiences, food, and the chance to travel across Europe with a Schengen visa.
Ukraine (before the war), and parts of Russia had political and safety concerns.
Philippines and China may have local challenges like climate, food, or integration issues.
✔ Italy offers a peaceful and culturally rich environment that makes student life enjoyable and secure.
Students must clear the IMAT (International Medical Admission Test) for admission to English-taught MBBS programs.
The exam is conducted by Cambridge Assessment and accepted by top Italian universities.
Most don't require entrance exams but may compromise on academic standards.
In some cases, students may face issues with fake agents or unrecognized colleges.
✔ The presence of IMAT ensures that Italian universities maintain high academic quality and attract motivated students.
Italian public universities offer clinical rotations in government hospitals, giving students hands-on experience with modern equipment and real-world healthcare systems.
Patient interaction starts earlier in the course.
Hospitals are integrated with universities ensuring better coordination.
Compared to some countries where practical training is limited or theoretical, Italy excels in producing globally competent doctors.
Now let's look at some of the best mbbs universities in italy for international students:
University of Milan
University of Bologna
University of Pisa
University of Padua
Sapienza University of Rome
University of Turin
These are public universities, ranked globally and known for research, modern infrastructure, and strong international presence.
Each university offers English-taught MBBS programs that last 6 years and are recognized across Europe, India, and many other countries.
Choosing to study MBBS in Italy offers students not just affordable education, but also access to world-class universities, global recognition, and a rich cultural lifestyle.
Compared to other destinations, Italy provides a balanced mix of quality, safety, low costs, and future opportunities. From affordable mbbs fees in italy for indian students to high-quality training at top mbbs universities in italy, it's clear that Italy is a smart and secure choice for your medical career.
If you're planning to study medicine abroad, Italy is not just an option - it's one of the best opportunities you can choose.
Read Full Blog...
The University of Turin (also known as Turin University) is one of the oldest and most respected universities in Italy. Founded in 1404, it has become a top destination for students from around the world. If you're planning to study in Italy, Turin is a smart, affordable, and student-friendly choice.
Why Choose the University of Turin?
Located in the beautiful city of Turin in northern Italy, the university offers a perfect mix of history, modern education, and global opportunities. Here are some reasons why it stands out:
Offers many English-taught courses for international students
Affordable tuition and living costs compared to other European countries
Strong reputation in fields like economics, law, science, and humanities
Welcoming environment with international student support
Great quality of life in a vibrant student city
Turin University offers bachelor's, master's, and PhD programs in various fields. Some of the popular courses for international students include:
Economics and Business
Computer Science
Political Science
International Relations
Biology and Environmental Studies
Cultural Heritage and History
Most master's programs offer options in English, making it easier for Indian students to adjust and succeed.
Getting admission to university of turin italy is straightforward if you follow the steps carefully. Here's a simple guide:
Visit the official university website and select the program you're interested in. Make sure it is open for international students and offered in English.
Check the eligibility criteria. Most master's programs require a relevant bachelor's degree, an English language certificate (like IELTS or TOEFL), and academic transcripts.
Prepare the necessary documents such as:
Passport copy
Academic transcripts and certificates
English proficiency certificate
Statement of purpose
Letters of recommendation
Submit your application through the university's online portal or apply via platforms like Universitaly. Some courses may require entrance tests or interviews.
If selected, you'll receive an official offer letter. After accepting it, you can start your student visa process.
Turin is a wonderful city for students. It's known for its green parks, historical sites, and lively cafés. Here's what you can expect:
Affordable housing and student dorms
Great public transport system
Cultural events, concerts, and exhibitions
Support from student organizations and language centers
Access to libraries, labs, and research centers
You'll enjoy both the calm of a university city and the energy of a cultural hub.
Applying to a foreign university can feel overwhelming. That's where Yes Italy comes in. We provide full support to Indian students who want to study at Turin University:
Help with choosing the right course
Application guidance and document review
Assistance with student visa process
Pre-departure and accommodation support
With Yes Italy, you get personal guidance every step of the way-from the first form to your first class in Italy.
Studying at the University of Turin is a great opportunity for Indian students looking for affordable, quality education in Europe. The university offers excellent academic programs, a supportive atmosphere, and an exciting student life in one of Italy's most dynamic cities.
If you're ready to take the next step, connect with Yes Italy and make your Italian education dream come true!
Read Full Blog...Studying MBBS in Italy is becoming a popular choice for Indian students who want to become doctors. Italy offers top-quality medical education, modern facilities, and degrees that are accepted across Europe and other parts of the world.
Italian medical universities are known for their research, low tuition fees, and globally recognized MBBS programs, especially those taught in English.
Why Choose MBBS in Italy?
Here are some key reasons Indian students prefer MBBS in Italy:
Public universities offer MBBS programs in English
Affordable tuition fees compared to private colleges in India or western countries
High-quality education with modern labs and hospitals for training
Globally recognized degree (valid in EU and accepted in many countries including India after clearing FMGE)
Opportunity to study in Europe and experience international exposure
No donation or capitation fees required
Indian students can apply to English-taught Medicine and Surgery programs in Italy. These programs are equivalent to MBBS in India and are typically 6 years long, including clinical training.
The admission is based on an international entrance test called the IMAT (International Medical Admissions Test). Indian students must appear for this test to qualify for the MBBS course in English at Italian public universities.
Must have passed class 12th with Physics, Chemistry, and Biology
Should have minimum qualifying marks in NEET
Must be eligible for university education in India
English proficiency is important (no IELTS required for IMAT, but understanding is needed)
Many public universities in Italy offer English-medium MBBS courses. Some well-known ones are:
University of Milan
Sapienza University of Rome
University of Bologna
University of Padua
University of Turin
University of Pavia
University of Naples Federico II
University of Bari
University of Messina
These universities are highly ranked and have limited seats for international students, so applying early and preparing well is important.
One of the best parts about studying MBBS in Italy is the low fee structure, especially in public universities.
The average annual fee is between 300 to 4,000 Euros, depending on your financial background and university
Indian students can apply for fee reduction based on family income, which is a common practice in Italy
Most students from middle-class families end up paying very low tuition fees
Monthly living expenses (including food, transport, accommodation) can be around 500 to 800 Euros
Many universities offer affordable hostels and student cafeterias
Public transport for students is also cheaper in most cities
Indian students can also apply for:
Regional scholarships provided by the Italian government or universities
Scholarships based on academic performance or income
Part-time work (up to 20 hours per week) during study to support living costs
These options make MBBS in Italy even more affordable for Indian students.
Here's a simple overview of the MBBS admission process in Italy for Indian students:
Appear and qualify NEET in India
Pre-enroll through the Universitaly portal
Register for and appear in the IMAT exam
Apply to public universities based on your IMAT score
Submit all required documents and apply for a student visa
Students generally need the following documents:
10th and 12th mark sheets
NEET scorecard
Passport
Proof of income (for scholarship or fee reduction)
Passport-sized photographs
IMAT score (after result)
Declaration form and admission letters
All documents must be translated and attested as per embassy or university guidelines.
Yes, MBBS from Italy is valid in India. But after completing the degree, Indian students must appear for the FMGE (Foreign Medical Graduate Examination) conducted by NMC to get a license to practice in India.
Italy's medical universities meet the required global standards, which gives students a strong foundation to pass the FMGE.
Studying MBBS in Italy for Indian students is a golden opportunity - with affordable fees, international exposure, and quality education. With proper planning, IMAT preparation, and timely application, Indian students can fulfill their dream of becoming a doctor in a world-class environment.
If you are looking for low-cost medical education in Europe with global recognition, MBBS in Italy could be your perfect choice.
Read Full Blog...The IMAT exam is an international entrance test used by Italian public universities for admission into English-taught Medicine and Surgery or Dentistry programs. It allows both EU and non-EU students to apply for high-quality medical education in Italy.
This IMAT entrance exam is a great opportunity for students who want to study in Europe, in English, and at a much lower cost compared to private or Western universities.
Students from all over the world take the IMAT exam because:
It offers a path to study medicine or dentistry in English.
Degrees are recognized across Europe and many other countries.
Tuition fees at Italian public universities are much more affordable.
Italy offers rich culture, history, and great student life.
You can apply for the IMAT exam if:
You have completed your school education and are eligible for university in your home country.
You are in your final year of school and will finish before the course starts.
You have a good understanding of English, science, and basic math.
Your school-leaving certificate is accepted by the Italian education system.
If you're unsure whether your qualification is valid, you can check with the Italian university or embassy in your country.
Several well-known public universities in Italy offer medical courses through the IMAT entrance exam. These include:
University of Milan
University of Rome (Sapienza)
University of Bologna
University of Padua
University of Turin
University of Pavia
University of Bari
University of Naples Federico II
University of Messina
Each university has a fixed number of seats and selects students based on IMAT scores.
The IMAT exam checks your ability in both science and logic. It includes:
General knowledge and logical reasoning
Biology
Chemistry
Physics and mathematics
Questions are multiple-choice, with only one correct answer. The exam tests your thinking, problem-solving, and science basics-similar to what you learn in high school.
The IMAT exam fee depends on your country or testing center. On average, it is affordable compared to many other international medical entrance exams.
You will pay the fee during the registration process. The payment is made online, and you can select your test center based on your location. Fee details are available on the official IMAT registration website when applications open.
The application process includes a few steps:
First, pre-enroll on the Universitaly portal. Here you choose the universities and courses.
Then, register for the IMAT entrance exam once registration opens (usually mid-year).
Choose your test center and pay the IMAT exam fee.
Appear for the exam on the scheduled date.
You will need to keep documents ready, including your school certificates, passport or ID, and translations if required.
To succeed in the IMAT exam, preparation is key. Here's how you can get ready:
Revise your school-level biology, chemistry, physics, and math.
Practice logical reasoning questions and reading comprehension.
Use past IMAT question papers and sample tests.
Focus on time management during your practice.
Read English science textbooks to improve understanding.
The IMAT exam is competitive because the number of seats is limited, and students from many countries apply. But with proper preparation and understanding of the topics, you can score well.
It's not about memorizing-it's about understanding and thinking logically. Regular practice makes a big difference.
The IMAT entrance exam is your gateway to becoming a doctor or dentist in Europe. It is accepted by many top universities in Italy and offers a low-cost, high-quality education in English.
If you meet the eligibility and are willing to prepare sincerely, the IMAT exam can open the door to your dream career in medicine.
Start early, stay focused, and keep checking official updates about dates and the IMAT exam fee. A bright future in medicine is within your reach.
Read Full Blog...
Italy isn't just about art, history, and great food - it's also an excellent destination for international students pursuing an MBA. Renowned universities like SDA Bocconi, LUISS Business School, and Politecnico di Milano School of Management offer globally recognized MBA programs in English, making Italy increasingly popular among Indian and international students.
Before you start packing, one of the most important steps is securing your Italy student visa. Here's a complete guide on how to get your student visa for MBA in Italy, written in a simple and practical way.
The very first requirement is to secure admission to an MBA program in Italy. Once you've applied and been accepted, the university will issue an official admission letter. This letter is crucial - without it, you can't apply for a visa.
Make sure:
The admission letter clearly states your course, duration, and start date.
It's on the university's letterhead and signed/stamped by the admissions office.
To apply for a student visa (usually Visa Type D for stays longer than 90 days), you need to gather several documents. Here's a checklist to help you stay organized:
Visa application form (completely filled and signed)
Passport (valid for at least 3 months beyond the course duration).
Recent passport-sized photographs.
University admission letter.
Proof of accommodation in Italy (university hostel booking, rental agreement, or declaration from a host).
Proof of sufficient funds to cover living expenses in Italy (usually bank statements showing a minimum required balance).
Proof of tuition fee payment or scholarship letter if applicable.
Travel insurance covering medical emergencies for at least the first year.
Flight reservation or travel itinerary (not necessarily the final ticket).
Declaration of Value (Dichiarazione di Valore) or other required educational document legalization, if needed by your university.
Tip: Check with your local Italian consulate or VFS Global website for the latest requirements, as they may vary slightly.
The Italian consulate wants to see that you can financially support yourself while studying. Generally, you must show a minimum bank balance (often around €6,000–€7,000 per year).
You can show:
Your personal savings (bank statements from the last 3–6 months).
Sponsorship by parents or relatives (accompanied by an affidavit of support and their bank statements).
Scholarship letters, if awarded.
Having clear, authentic documents helps avoid delays or rejections.
You must prove you have a place to stay in Italy. Options include:
University hostel or residence confirmation.
Private rental agreement.
Letter from a relative or friend hosting you (with a copy of their ID and residence permit).
Accommodation proof should cover at least the first few months.
Once your documents are ready, schedule a visa appointment at the nearest Italian consulate or visa center (e.g., VFS Global in India).
Appointments can fill quickly, so book early - ideally 2–3 months before your course starts.
Arrive with all original documents and copies.
During your appointment, you may be asked questions about your course, why you chose Italy, your career plans, and how you'll support yourself.
After submission, visa processing usually takes around 2–6 weeks, depending on the consulate and time of year. Track your application online if possible.
Tip: Avoid booking non-refundable tickets until your visa is approved.
Even after you get your visa and arrive in Italy, there's one more important step: applying for the Permesso di Soggiorno (Residence Permit).
Apply within 8 days of arrival at the local post office.
You'll need your passport, visa, admission letter, accommodation proof, and other documents.
You'll receive a receipt, which acts as a temporary permit until the card is issued.
✅ Start early: Applying at least 3–4 months before your MBA begins gives you enough time to gather documents and handle unexpected delays.
✅ Be honest and clear: Provide genuine bank statements and accurate information.
✅ Check specific university instructions: Some schools assist with visa paperwork or housing letters.
✅ Stay updated: Visa requirements may change, so always check the Italian consulate website.
Getting a student visa for your MBA in Italy for Indian Students is straightforward if you follow the right steps and stay organized. From securing your admission letter to showing proof of funds and applying on time, every step is crucial.
If you're planning your MBA in Italy and need guidance on admissions, scholarships like DSU, or your visa application, YES Italy can help you at every stage - making your journey to study in Italy smoother and stress-free.
Read Full Blog...--icon----> --icon---->